{"id":19393,"date":"2024-10-29T10:55:13","date_gmt":"2024-10-29T09:55:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wikenfarma.com\/on-the-importance-and-antimicrobial-effects-of-proanthocyanidins\/"},"modified":"2025-03-25T09:32:48","modified_gmt":"2025-03-25T08:32:48","slug":"on-the-importance-and-antimicrobial-effects-of-proanthocyanidins","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wikenfarma.com\/en\/on-the-importance-and-antimicrobial-effects-of-proanthocyanidins\/","title":{"rendered":"ON THE IMPORTANCE AND ANTIMICROBIAL EFFECTS OF PROANTHOCYANIDINS"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"19393\" class=\"elementor elementor-19393 elementor-13931\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4c8364 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"a4c8364\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-04c8960 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"04c8960\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70d94fa elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"70d94fa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h5 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Scientific articles<\/h5>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c7409f6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c7409f6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">ON THE IMPORTANCE AND ANTIMICROBIAL EFFECTS OF PROANTHOCYANIDINS<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-072f156 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"072f156\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h5 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><i>The scientific evidence supporting the use of these polyphenols in specific nutraceuticals<\/i><\/h5>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7bab697 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"7bab697\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/wikenfarma.com\/dedalox-acne-lieve-moderata-infezioni-recidivanti-vie-urinarie\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"403\" height=\"440\" src=\"https:\/\/wikenfarma.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/procianidina-C1.gif\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-13936\" alt=\"proantocianidina\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-af91e2b elementor-align-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-post-info\" data-id=\"af91e2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"post-info.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-inline-items elementor-icon-list-items elementor-post-info\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-repeater-item-24195a2 elementor-inline-item\" itemprop=\"author\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/wikenfarma.com\/en\/author\/wikenfarma\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"far fa-user-circle\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text elementor-post-info__item elementor-post-info__item--type-author\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\twikenfarma\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-repeater-item-e32289b elementor-inline-item\" itemprop=\"datePublished\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/wikenfarma.com\/en\/2024\/10\/29\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-calendar\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text elementor-post-info__item elementor-post-info__item--type-date\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<time>October 29, 2024<\/time>\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-repeater-item-1bc9896 elementor-inline-item\" itemprop=\"commentCount\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/wikenfarma.com\/en\/on-the-importance-and-antimicrobial-effects-of-proanthocyanidins\/#respond\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"far fa-comment-dots\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text elementor-post-info__item elementor-post-info__item--type-comments\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNo Comments\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8aa7c3a elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"8aa7c3a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;,&quot;h4&quot;,&quot;h6&quot;],&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;numbers&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;No headings were found on this page.&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tIndex\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__8aa7c3a\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-chevron-down\"><\/i><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__8aa7c3a\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-chevron-up\"><\/i><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__8aa7c3a\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<i class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dccfe1f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dccfe1f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/it.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Proantocianidine\">Proanthocyanidins<\/a> are a particular class of <em>polyphenols<\/em> consisting largely of oligomers of catechin, epicatechin and gallic acid, linked together to form an ether (or ester) bond. <br>These molecules are found in many <strong>plant<\/strong> species and are called proanthocyanidins because <em>under oxidizing conditions<\/em> they can <a href=\"https:\/\/it.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Depolimerizzazione\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">depolymerize<\/a>, oxidizing to <a href=\"https:\/\/it.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Antociani\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">anthocyanidins<\/a>.These are colored polyphenolic compounds, the most common of which is the cyanidin found in <i>blueberries, grapes, apples, radicchio and raspberries <\/i>and which takes on colors ranging from deep red to cobalt blue depending on pH.<\/p><p>In nature, these molecules play an important <b>defensive function<\/b> for the plants that produce them, protecting them from infection and predators.[1]<\/p><p>Any polymers also formed from the monomers of proanthocyanidins are named <a href=\"https:\/\/it.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tannino\">tannins<\/a> and are also of fundamental importance medically by virtue of their <b>anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties.<\/b>[2,3] Furthermore, it is known in the literature that gallic acid, one of the basic monomers of tannins and proanthocyanidins, is able to exert <i>broad-spectrum<\/i> antimicrobial activity[4,5]. We can therefore assume similar behavior from the oligomers it forms with catechin and epicatechin. <\/p><h3><strong>Where are Proanthocyanidins extracted from?<\/strong><\/h3><p>A recent study highlights how, for example, <em>proanthocyanidins<\/em> from larch bark extract are <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>toxic<\/strong><\/span> to common <em>bacterial<\/em> <strong><em>pathogens<\/em> <\/strong>such as <em>Staphylococcus aureus<\/em> because they destroy its cell wall and cell membrane, preventing the proper production of proteins necessary for the bacterium to function. They also bind to bacterial DNA, preventing its reproduction.[6]<\/p><p>Similar conclusions can be reached by considering other phytoextracts containing such molecules, such as extracts of pine needles [7] or maritime pine bark[8], all of which show significant antimicrobial activity.<\/p><h3><strong>How do they act to counter bacterial infections?<\/strong><\/h3><p>In addition to exhibiting directly toxic activity on bacterial species, tannins and proanthocyanidins can also interact with <em>biofilms<\/em> created by the bacteria themselves as a protective mechanism, damaging them. A biofilm is a<strong> film<\/strong>, formed of polymeric material, usually polysaccharides, that <em>envelops and protects one or more <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">bacterial colonies<\/span><\/em>, normally of different species and also producing secretions of an adhesive nature necessary to adhere to the substrate of interest. It is considered an established fact that most of the infections reported in Western countries are caused by multi-species biofilms rather than single bacterial infections.[9] <\/p><p>Various <strong>phytoextracts containing proanthocyanidins<\/strong> have been shown to <em>inhibit<\/em> <strong>biofilm formation<\/strong> or their <em>adhesion<\/em> to the <strong>substrate<\/strong> in the case of already formed biofilms. This is especially important especially against antibiotic-resistant bacteria, since in some cases such resistance arises precisely from the formation of biofilms, which make it more difficult for antibiotic molecules to interact with the target bacteria. Furthermore, although the biochemical mechanism that causes it is not exactly clear, there is experimental evidence that the <em><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">proanthocyanidins and tannins<\/span><\/em> are able to <strong>reduce the resistance of<\/strong> both <em>Gram-negative<\/em> and <em>Gram-positive<\/em> <strong>bacteria<\/strong>.  [10][11]<\/p><p>This interaction is probably due to the previously mentioned fact that in some bacteria these molecules are known to <em>prevent transcription<\/em> of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.medicinapertutti.it\/argomento\/nucleoide-batterico\/\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><em><strong>bacterial DNA<\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/a>, thereby also preventing the functionality of bacterial enzymes used to defend against antibiotics and increasing the effectiveness of common antibiotic treatments that would otherwise already be largely rendered useless by the spread of genes for antibiotic resistance.<\/p><h3><strong>Is there a specific and safe solution?<\/strong><\/h3><p>Because of this, an increase in the use of phytoextracts containing Proanthocyanidins and polyphenols is desirable <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><em><strong>in the therapy of acne, skin and urinary tract infections<\/strong><\/em><\/span> in the near future. To stay ahead of the curve, research <b><i>Wikenfarma <\/i><\/b>has developed <a href=\"https:\/\/wikenfarma.com\/en\/dedalox\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dedalox<\/a>, a nutraceutical <i><u>specific<\/u> <\/i>to strengthen the immune system and fight ongoing inflammation and bacterial infections thanks to proanthocyanidins: unlike <i>other<\/i> similar <i>products<\/i> on the market, which are usually very <b>heavy <\/b>to dispose of and endure, <a href=\"https:\/\/wikenfarma.com\/en\/dedalox\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dedalox <\/a><i><u>has<b>no <\/b>side effects<\/u><\/i> and is therefore the <b>safest<\/b> option for treating infections and strengthening the immune system. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b1674a1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b1674a1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div 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data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h5 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Products in this article:<\/h5>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a06e8bf e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a06e8bf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;sticky&quot;:&quot;top&quot;,&quot;sticky_on&quot;:[&quot;desktop&quot;],&quot;sticky_offset&quot;:132,&quot;sticky_effects_offset&quot;:0,&quot;sticky_anchor_link_offset&quot;:0}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a8d58bd elementor-position-left elementor-position-left elementor-vertical-align-top elementor-vertical-align-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"a8d58bd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><a href=\"https:\/\/wikenfarma.com\/en\/prodotto\/dedalox-30cpr\/\" tabindex=\"-1\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1441\" height=\"1080\" src=\"https:\/\/wikenfarma.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/dedaloTrasp.webp\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-6792\" alt=\"dedalox img trasparente\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wikenfarma.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/dedaloTrasp.webp 1441w, https:\/\/wikenfarma.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/dedaloTrasp-300x225.webp 300w, https:\/\/wikenfarma.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/dedaloTrasp-1024x767.webp 1024w, https:\/\/wikenfarma.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/dedaloTrasp-768x576.webp 768w, https:\/\/wikenfarma.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/dedaloTrasp-600x450.webp 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1441px) 100vw, 1441px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><h5 class=\"elementor-image-box-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/wikenfarma.com\/en\/prodotto\/dedalox-30cpr\/\">DaedalusX 30CPR<\/a><\/h5><p class=\"elementor-image-box-description\">Specific for mild to moderate acne<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ac015f4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ac015f4\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a1fdcad\" data-id=\"a1fdcad\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-abf6914 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"abf6914\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><p style=\"font-size: 20px; text-align: justify; white-space-collapse: collapse;\"><span style=\"font-weight: bolder;\">Bibliography<\/span><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1.75rem; white-space-collapse: preserve;\"><\/span><\/p><\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28fa7e4 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"28fa7e4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>[1] Amil-Ruiz F, Blanco-Portales R, Mu\u00f1oz-Blanco J, Caballero JL. The Strawberry Plant Defense Mechanism: A Molecular Review. Plant Cell Physiol. 2011 Nov;52(11):1873-903.   <\/em><\/p><p><em>[2] Reddy M, Gupta S, Jacob M, Khan S, Ferreira D. Antioxidant, Antimalarial and Antimicrobial Activities of Tannin-Rich Fractions, Ellagitannins and Phenolic Acids from Punica granatum L. Planta Med. 2007 May;73(5):461-7.<\/em><\/p><p><em>[3] Maisetta G, Batoni G, Caboni P, Esin S, Rinaldi AC, Zucca P. Tannin profile, antioxidant properties, and antimicrobial activity of extracts from two Mediterranean species of parasitic plant Cytinus. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2019 Dec;19(1):82. <\/em><\/p><p><em>[4] Borges A, Ferreira C, Saavedra MJ, Sim\u00f5es M. Antibacterial Activity and Mode of Action of Ferulic and Gallic Acids Against Pathogenic Bacteria. Microbial Drug Resistance. 2013 Aug;19(4):256-65.  <\/em><\/p><p><em>[5] Sarjit A, Wang Y, Dykes GA. Antimicrobial activity of gallic acid against thermophilic Campylobacter is strain specific and associated with a loss of calcium ions. Food Microbiol. 2015 Apr;46:227-33.   <\/em><\/p><p><em>[6] Li X, He C, Song L, Li T, Cui S, Zhang L, et al. Antimicrobial activity and mechanism of Larch bark procyanidins against &lt;italic&gt;Staphylococcus aureus&lt;\/italic&gt; Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai). 2017 Dec;49(12):1058-66.  <\/em><\/p><p><em>[7] Kim N-Y, Jang M-K, Lee D-G, Yu KH, Jang H, Kim M, et al. Comparison of methods for proanthocyanidin extraction from pine (Pinus densiflora) needles and biological activities of the extracts. Nutr Res Pract. 2010;4(1):16.   <\/em><\/p><p><em>[8] \u0106urkovi\u0107-Perica M, Hrenovi\u0107 J, Kugler N, Goi\u0107-Bari\u0161i\u0107 I, Tkalec M. Antibacterial Activity of Pinus pinaster Bark Extract and its Components Against Multidrug-resistant Clinical Isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii. Croatica Chemica Acta. 2015;88(2):133-7.  <\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This article, drawing on the scientific literature, investigates the benefits of these Polyphenols with respect to their antimicrobial effect.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":18734,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[265,270,274],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-19393","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog-en","category-medical-blog","category-medical-blog-scientific-articles"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v24.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>On the importance and antimicrobial effects of 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